第1章 计算机硬件与组成原理..........................................................1

1.1 计算机硬件分类...........................................................................1

1.2 运维与服务器...............................................................................1

1.2.1 运维人员的核心职责 ...............................................................1

1.2.2 运维人员工资的主要战场之服务器 .......................................2

1.2.3 服务器按外形分类 ...................................................................2

1.3 互联网公司的服务器品牌...........................................................4

1.4 服务器品牌详解及对应型号.......................................................4

1.4.1 Dell 服务器品牌.........................................................................4

1.4.2 IBM 品牌...................................................................................5

1.4.3 HP 品牌.................................................................................5

1.5 服务器(电脑)核心零部件介绍................................................6

1.5.1 电源..........................................................................................6

1.5.2 CPU 处理器 ............................................................................6

1.5.3 内存........................................................................................7

1.5.4 磁盘......................................................................................10

1.5.5 Raid 卡(阵列卡) ..................................................................10

1.5.6 光驱......................................................................................12

1.5.7 远程管理卡 ..........................................................................12

1.5.8 机房里的服务器简介 .............................................................12

1.5.9 主板(普通电脑) .................................................................14

1.6 电脑和服务器的主要构成图解...........................................15

1.7 计算机系统基础...................................................................16

1.7.1 冯·诺依曼计算机 ....................................................................16

1.7.2 计算机系统的基本工作原理 .................................................16

1.7.3 计算机数据记录单位 .............................................................17

1.7.4 计算机常用计数制 .................................................................17

1.7.5 计算机中数据的表示 .............................................................18

第2章 LINUX 系统介绍与环境搭建准备......................................20

2.1 Linux 简介..........................................................................20

2.1.1 什么是操作系统? .................................................................20

2.1.2 什么是 Linux?........................................................................21

2.2 Linux 的起源.........................................................................22

2.2.1 Unix 的历史...........................................................................22

2.2.2 Unix 的 5 大优秀特性..............................................................23

2.2.3 Unix 操作系统的革命..............................................................23

2.2.4 Linux 的诞生..........................................................................24

2.2.5 Linux 的发展历程.....................................................................24

2.3 Linux 核心概念知识.............................................................26

2.3.1 自由软件与 FSF.......................................................................26

2.3.2 GNU 知识...............................................................................26

2.3.3 GPL 知识................................................................................27

2.3.4 FSF,GNU,GPL 小结....................................................................27

2.3.5 Linux 系统组成.........................................................................27

2.4 Linux 的特点.........................................................................28

2.4.1 Linux 为什么受欢迎?.............................................................28

2.5 LINUX 的应用领域..............................................................28

2.5.1 IT 服务器 Linux 系统应用领域................................................28

2.5.2 嵌入式 Linux 系统应用领域...................................................29

2.5.3 个人桌面 Linux 应用领域.......................................................29

2.6 如何选择 Linux 的发行版...................................................29

2.6.1 Linux 的发行版本介绍.............................................................29

2.6.2 选择适合的 Linux 系统学习...................................................30

2.6.3 下载 CentOS 系统 ISO 镜像....................................................31

2.7 VMware 新建虚拟机 ............................................................33

2.7.1 虚拟机软件介绍 .....................................................................33

2.7.2 为什么通过 VM 虚拟机软件学习运维..................................33

2.7.3 下载安装虚拟机 .....................................................................33

2.7.4 配置虚拟机 ..........................................................................34

2.8 远程连接工具排错...............................................................36

2.8.1 ip 服务器位置 .........................................................................36

2.8.2 道路是否畅通 .......................................................................36

2.8.3 远程连接失败常见原因 .......................................................36

2.9 总结...........................................................................................37

2.9.1 linux 历史回顾 .........................................................................37

2.9.2 本章重点回顾 .........................................................................37

2.10 本章知识相关考试题.........................................................37

第3章 企业级 CentOS 7.6 操作系统的安装...................................38

3.1 创建新的虚拟机(购买电脑)................................................38

3.1.1 选择自定义配置 ...................................................................38

3.1.2 选择虚拟机硬件兼容性===购买主机箱 ...............................39

3.1.3 安装客户机操作系统 ...............................................................39

3.1.4 选择客户机操作系统===安装什么样的系统 ........................40

3.1.5 命名虚拟机===专业规范 .......................................................40

3.1.6 处理器配置 ..........................................................................41

3.1.7 内存配置..............................................................................42

3.1.8 选择网络类型 .........................................................................42

3.1.9 选择 I/O 控制类型..................................................................45

3.1.10 选择磁盘类型 .......................................................................45

3.1.11 选择磁盘............................................................................46

3.1.12 指定磁盘容量 .......................................................................46

3.1.13 指定磁盘文件 .......................................................................47

3.1.14 挂载 CentOS 镜像.................................................................47

3.1.15 完成创建虚拟机----完成配置准备付款购买 ......................48

3.1.16 开机...........................................................................................49

3.2 安装 CentOS7.5 系统...........................................................49

3.2.1 图形化安装 .........................................................................49

3.2.2 选择安装使用的语言 .............................................................50

3.2.3 设置时区.................................................................................50

3.2.4 最小化安装系统 .....................................................................51

3.2.5 关闭 KDUMP........................................................................52

3.2.6 自定义分区 .........................................................................53

3.2.7 设置 IP 和主机名....................................................................60

3.2.8 设置 root 密码 ........................................................................64

3.2.9 安装结束重启 .........................................................................65

3.3 系统安装后的基本配置.......................................................65

3.3.1 登录界面介绍 .........................................................................65

3.3.2 配置 VMware Workstation 整个网络 ....................................66

3.3.3 使用 VMware 给虚拟机拍摄快照 .........................................70

3.4 额外安装一些有用的软件包...............................................71

3.5 本章重点回顾.......................................................................71

第4章 远程连接管理 LINUX 实践.................................................72

4.1 Xshell 整体优化.......................................................................72

4.2 显示优化...........................................................................73

4.3 Xshell 基础优化....................................................................73

4.4 xshell 使用连接.....................................................................76

第5章 LINUX 系统命令行入门基础..............................................81

5.1 操作 LINUX 必知必会基础知识........................................81

5.1.1 Linux 命令行组成结构.............................................................81

5.1.2 Linux 与 Windows 的目录结构对比........................................81

5.2 在 LINUX 命令行下查看命令帮助....................................82

5.2.1 使用 man 获取命令帮助信息................................................82

5.2.2 使用--help 参数获取命令帮助信息.......................................83

5.2.3 使用 help 命令获取 bash 内置命令帮助 ........................................................83

5.2.4 使用 info 获取帮助信息.........................................................83

5.2.5 从互联网搜索获取命令帮助信息 .........................................83

5.3 LINUX 关机重启注销命令..................................................84

5.3.1 重启或关机命令：shutdown.................................................84

5.3.2 关机与重启命令：halt/poweroff/reboot........................................................84

5.3.3 关机、重启和注销的命令列表 .............................................84

5.3.4 Linux 命令行常用快捷键.........................................................85

第6章 LINUX 文件及目录管理命令基础......................................87

6.1 LINUX 文件及目录核心命令..............................................87

6.1.1 pwd：显示当前所在位置信息 ...............................................87

6.1.2 cd：切换目录 ......................................................................87

6.1.3 tree：以树形结构显示目录下内容........................................87

6.1.4 mkdir：创建目录.....................................................................87

6.1.5 touch：创建文件或更改文件时间戳.....................................88

6.1.6 ls：显示目录下内容及属性信息的命令................................88

6.1.7 cp：复制文件或目录 ..............................................................88

6.1.8 mv：移动或重命名文件 .........................................................89

6.1.9 rm：删除文件或目录..............................................................89

6.2 LINUX 文件及目录命令核心知识的试题及详解........................................89

6.2.1 有关 cd/pwd/mkdir/ls 命令试题............................................89

第7章 LINUX 目录文件与系统启动知识......................................91

7.1 LINUX 系统目录结构介绍..................................................91

7.1.1 Linux 与 Windows 目录结构对比............................................91

7.1.2 Linux 系统目录结构基本特点.................................................91

7.2 LINUX 的目录结构详解......................................................92

7.2.1 目录层次标准 FHS..................................................................92

7.2.2 根下目录结构详解重要的 LINUX 系统文件介绍 ...........................................92

7.2.3 /etc 系统初始化及设置相关重要文件...................................94

7.2.4 网卡配置文件详解： .............................................................95

7.2.5 /usr 目录的重要知识介绍.......................................................95

7.2.6 /var 目录下的路径知识...........................................................96

7.2.7 /proc 下的重要路径知识 ........................................................96

7.3 LINUX 系统启动流程说明(重点)............................................97

7.3.1 CentOS6 系启动流程 ...............................................................97

7.3.2 CentOS7 系启动流程 .............................................................102

7.3.3 CentOS6 系与 7 系的启动区别 .............................................103

第8章 Linux 文件过滤及内容编辑处理.......................................104

8.1 vi/vim：纯文本编辑器详解及快捷键.......................................104

8.1.1 基础用法...................................................................................104

8.2 vim 模式转换图 ..................................................................104

8.2.1 命令模式...........................................................................105

8.2.2 编辑模式...........................................................................106

8.2.3 底行模式...........................................................................106

8.2.4 vi/vim 执行过程：.................................................................107

8.2.5 常见故障...........................................................................107

8.3 echo：显示输出文本内容..................................................107

8.4 cat：合并文件或查看文件内容.........................................108

8.5 more：分页显示文件内容 .................................................108

8.6 less：分页显示文件内容....................................................108

8.7 head：显示文件内容头部..................................................109

8.8 tail：显示文件内容尾部 ....................................................109

8.9 grep:文本过滤工具 .............................................................109

8.10 tr：替换或删除字符.........................................................109

8.10.1 重定向符号的核心知识 .....................................................109

8.11 有关 mkdir 命令的考题...................................................110

8.12 有关 cp/alias/unalias 命令的考题....................................110

8.12.1 配置别名过程 .....................................................................111

8.13 本章讲解知识总结...........................................................112

第9章 Linux 文件类型及查找命令实践.......................................113

9.1 Linux 文件属性概述...........................................................113

9.2 Linux 文件类型及文件扩展名...........................................114

9.2.1 文件类型与扩展名介绍 .......................................................114

9.2.2 Linux 中的文件类型...............................................................114

9.2.3 Linux 文件类型详细介绍.......................................................114

9.3 文件及目录查找命令.........................................................114

9.3.1 file：显示文件的类型 ...........................................................114

9.3.2 which：显示命令的全路径...................................................115

9.3.3 whereis：显示命令及其相关文件全路径......................................................115

9.3.4 locate：快速定位文件路径(CentOS 7 不推荐)..............................................115

9.3.5 updatedb(不推荐) ..................................................................115

9.3.6 find：查找目录下的文件......................................................115

9.3.7 xargs：将标准输入转换成命令行参数................................115

9.4 tar：打包压缩命令 .............................................................115

9.4.1 创建压缩包 .......................................................................115

9.4.2 查看压缩包 .......................................................................116

9.4.3 解压 默认是当前目录 .........................................................116

9.4.4 创建压缩包/tmp/conf.tar.gz 压缩/etc/hosts /etc/services........................116

9.4.5 解压到指定位置 ...................................................................117

9.4.6 tar 命令打包压缩提示: Removing leading `/' from member names 背后原因分析 ...............117

9.5 date：显示与设置系统时间...............................................118

9.5.1 date 以指定格式显示 日期.................................................118

9.5.2 如何让 linux 自动同步网络时间 :ntpdate....................................................119

9.6 章节重点....................................................................................119

第10章 LINUX 文件更多核心属性知识......................................120

10.1 用户及用户组...................................................................120

10.1.1 Linux 单用户多任务.............................................................120

10.1.2 Linux 多用户多任务.............................................................120

10.1.3 用户(user)介绍..............................................................120

10.1.4 Linux 系统中用户角色划分.................................................121

10.1.5 Linux 系统中不同用户角色对应的 UID 说明...............................................121

10.1.6 多用户操作系统的安全 .....................................................121

10.1.7 用户组(group)介绍........................................................121

10.1.8 创建用户及用户组命令 .....................................................122

10.2 文件的权限列...................................................................122

10.2.1 文件权限说明 .....................................................................122

10.3 文件的修改时间属性列...................................................123

10.4 索引节点(inode)..........................................................123

10.4.1 什么是索引节点(inode)................................................123

10.4.2 查看文件内容与 inode 和 block 关系 ...................................123

10.4.3 inode 和 block 的特点 .........................................................124

10.4.4 查看和管理 inode...............................................................124

10.5 链接的概念.......................................................................125

10.5.1 硬链接.............................................................................125

10.5.2 软链接知识与实践 .............................................................125

10.5.3 【必会】企业面试：请描述 Linux 中软链接和硬链接的区别.................126

10.6 章节重点与面试题...........................................................128

第11章 Linux 通配符与特殊符号知识应用实践 ...................................................129

11.1 Linux 通配符与特殊符号简介 .........................................129

11.2 Linux 通配符知识与实践 .................................................129

11.2.1 通配符之*号的作用介绍与实践 .......................................129

11.2.2 讲解{}用途.......................................................................129

11.2.3 通配符之?号作用介绍与实践 ...........................................129

11.2.4 通配符之[abcd]作用介绍与实践.......................................129

11.2.5 通配符之[a-z]作用介绍与实践..........................................129

11.2.6 通配符之[!abcd]作用介绍与实践......................................129

11.3 Linux 特殊符号知识与实践 .............................................130

11.3.1 与路径和位置有关的特殊符号 .........................................130

11.3.2 不同引号特殊符号知识与实践(重要) ...................................................130

11.3.3 重定向特殊符号知识与实践(重要) .......................................................130

11.3.4 其他特殊符号知识与实践(重要) .................................131

11.3.5 bash 中逻辑操作符系列......................................................131

11.4 Linux 通配符与特殊符号知识小结 .................................131

第12章 正则表达式........................................................................133

12.1 为何使用正则表达式.......................................................133

12.2 正则表达式分类...............................................................133

12.3 正则与通配符区别...........................................................133

12.3.1 通配符.............................................................................133

12.3.2 正则.................................................................................133

12.4 使用正则表达式注意事项...............................................133

12.4.1 正则神坑-中文符号............................................................133

12.4.2 grep/egrep 添加别名(CentOS 7 可不配置) .............................................134

12.5 基础正则.......................................................................134

12.5.1 第 1 个符号【^】 ...............................................................134

12.5.2 第 2 个符号【$】...............................................................134

12.5.3 第 3 个符号【^$】.............................................................135

12.5.4 第 4 个符号【.】................................................................135

12.5.5 第 5 个符号【\】................................................................135

12.5.6 第 6 个符号【*】 ...............................................................137

12.5.7 第 7 个符号【.*】..............................................................137

12.5.8 第 8 个符号【[]】...............................................................139

12.5.9 第 9 个符号【[^]】.............................................................141

12.5.10 小结正则-BRE....................................................................142

12.6 扩展正则.......................................................................142

12.6.1 第 10 个符号【+】.............................................................142

12.6.2 第 11 个符号【|】 .............................................................142

12.6.3 第 12 个符号【()】.............................................................143

12.6.4 第 13 个符号【{}】.............................................................143

12.6.5 第 14 个符号【?】 .............................................................144

12.6.6 ERE 小结...........................................................................144

12.7 基础正则与扩展正则区别...............................................145

12.7.1 符号不同.........................................................................145

12.7.2 支持的命令不同 .................................................................145

12.8 正则总结-按照功能划分 .................................................145

12.8.1 基本.................................................................................145

12.8.2 表示重复-连续出现............................................................145

12.9 正则学习资料...................................................................145

第13章 Linux 系统 12 位权限体系...............................................146

13.1 rwx 是啥 ........................................................................146

13.1.1 rwx 含义 ...........................................................................146

13.1.2 linux 如何知道我对某个文件或目录有什么权限?....................................146

13.2 rwx 对应的数字 及计算方法 rwxr-xr-x...................................................146

13.3 chmod chown 命令的使用.............................................147

13.3.1 chmod 命令......................................................................147

13.3.2 字母形式表示权限 .............................................................147

13.3.3 数字形式表示权限 .............................................................147

13.3.4 chown 命令 ......................................................................148

13.4 对于文件来说 r w x 是什么含义 ...................................148

13.5 对于目录来说 r w x 是什么含义 ...................................151

13.6 权限错误及原因...............................................................153

13.7 linux 系统默认权限控制命令 umask.........................................................153

13.7.1 umask 是什么?...................................................................153

13.7.2 umask 怎么计算?...............................................................153

13.7.3 umask 如何修改?...............................................................153

13.8 网站权限-通过控制权限让网站安全 .......................................................153

13.8.1 linux 系统默认权限 .............................................................153

13.8.2 网站比较安全的权限 .........................................................154

13.8.3 一台服务器如何控制安全 .................................................154

13.8.4 网站安全配置权限 .............................................................155

13.9 文件系统属性(文件隐藏属性)...................................156

13.9.1 chattr ................................................................................156

13.9.2 lsattr..................................................................................158

13.10 了解特殊权限.................................................................158

13.10.1 suid setuid.......................................................................158

13.10.2 sticky 粘滞位 1777 /tmp 目录..........................................160

13.10.3 sgid locate.................................................162

13.11 课外:网站的基本结构....................................................163

第14章 用户管理体系....................................................................164

14.1 让一个命令或脚本开机自启动有什么方法?.........................................164

14.1.1 写入/etc/rc.local .................................................................164

14.1.2 使用 chkconfig 命令管理(CentOS 6.x)................................164

14.2 用户分类......................................................164

14.2.1 UID .........................................................................164

14.2.2 GID .........................................................................164

14.2.3 root 皇帝 ..............................................................164

14.2.4 虚拟用户..............................................................164

14.2.5 普通用户..............................................................165

14.2.6 常用的命令解释器 .............................................................165

14.3 用户相关的配置文件.......................................................165

14.3.1 /etc/passwd 用户的信息....................................................165

14.3.2 /etc/shadow 用户密码信息................................................165

14.3.3 /etc/group 用户的 用户组信息.........................................165

14.3.4 /etc/gshadow 用户组密码信息..........................................166

14.4 与用户相关的目录...................................................................166

14.4.1 /etc/skel.................................................................166

14.4.2 命令行中-.* 极度危险.......................................................167

14.5 用户管理的命令...............................................................167

14.5.1 用户相关命令 .....................................................................167

14.5.2 如何让系统更安全 .............................................................168

14.5.3 用户组相关.........................................................................169

14.5.4 用户查询命令 .....................................................................169

14.6 Sudo 临时让用户获得 root 权限......................................169

14.6.1 su 与 su -区别.......................................................................169

14.6.2 sudo 是什么 .........................................................................169

14.6.3 sudo 怎么用 .........................................................................169

14.7 记录用户的操作 行为/日志审计 ...................................170

第15章 LINUX 中高级运维人员必会-定时任务...................................................171

15.1 什么是定时任务...............................................................171

15.2 定时任务分类...................................................................171

15.3 crond 分类：用户定时任务与系统定时任务 ..........................................171

15.3.1 系统的定时任务 .................................................................171

15.3.2 用户定时任务 .....................................................................172

15.4 定时任务使用...................................................................172

15.4.1 定时任务依赖的软件(服务)-是否能用..................................................172

15.4.2 crontab 命令怎么使用.........................................................172

15.4.3 定时任务相关的文件 .........................................................172

15.4.4 定时任务基本格式(分时日月周) .................................173

15.4.5 来一个例子.........................................................................174

15.5 定时任务书写流程...........................................................174

15.6 总结：9 句箴言................................................................175

15.6.1 定时任务规则之前加注释 .................................................175

15.6.2 使用脚本替代命令行定时任务 .........................................175

15.6.3 运行脚本一定要用/bin/sh 或 sh........................................175

15.6.4 定时任务中 date 命令%百分号.........................................175

15.6.5 定时任务中-命令或脚本结果(正确及错误)定向到黑洞(>/dev/null 2>&1)或追加到文件

中 >>/tmp/oldboy.txt 2>&1 ...................................................................175

15.6.6 避免不必要的程序及命令输出 .........................................176

15.6.7 打包压缩使用相对路径(切到目标目录的上一级打包目标) .........................................176

15.6.8 定时任务脚本中的程序文件 ,尽量用绝对路径 ........................................176

15.6.9 系统与命令位置有关的环境变量问题 .......................................................176

15.7 图片总结定时任务...........................................................178

第16章 Linux 磁盘管理体系.........................................................179

16.1 磁盘知识体系...................................................................179

16.2 磁盘结构.......................................................................179

16.2.1 磁盘外部结构 .....................................................................179

16.2.2 磁盘的内部组成 .................................................................180

16.3 raid .................................................................................180

16.3.1 磁盘阵列.........................................................................180

16.3.2 raid 卡/阵列卡 .....................................................................181

16.3.3 常用 raid 级别.....................................................................181

16.4 磁盘分区.......................................................................181

16.4.1 磁盘分区表.........................................................................181

16.5 磁盘格式化.......................................................................184

16.5.1 fdisk 磁盘分区实践..............................................................184

16.5.2 parted 磁盘分区实践 ..........................................................189

16.5.3 fdisk 与 parted......................................................................195

16.5.4 企业案例：java 环境内存不够用，大量占用 swap ..................................195

16.6 文件系统.......................................................................196

16.6.1 含义.................................................................................196

16.6.2 磁盘文件系统介绍 .............................................................196

16.6.3 分类及区别.........................................................................196

16.6.4 文件系统选择 .....................................................................196

16.7 磁盘必知必会故障排查...................................................197

16.7.1 文件硬链接磁盘满故障 .....................................................197

16.7.2 磁盘的 inode 满故障..........................................................198

16.7.3 磁盘的 block 满故障 ..........................................................199

16.7.4 磁盘满进程占用故障 .........................................................201

16.8 磁盘相关命令总结...........................................................202

第17章 Linux 系统优化.................................................................205

17.1 添加普通用户账号...........................................................205

17.2 关闭 SELinux ...................................................................207

17.2.1 永久关闭 selinux.................................................................207

17.2.2 临时关闭 selinux.................................................................207

17.3 关闭 iptables(C6)或 Firewalld(C7)防火墙 .....................................208

17.3.1 CentOS 6.x 关闭防火墙........................................................208

17.3.2 CentOS7.x 关闭防火墙 ........................................................208

17.4 如何防止显示中文乱码(该优化初期建议不优化，直接强制看英文).......................209

17.5 使用阿里云镜像做 yum 源 .............................................210

17.5.1 默认国外的 yum 源(软件仓库)比较慢，所以换成国内的。....................210

17.5.2 epel 源的安装 ......................................................................210

17.6 安装常用软件...................................................................211

17.7 升级具有典型漏洞的软件版本.......................................211

17.8 本章小结.......................................................................211

第18章 网络基础.............................................................213

18.1 什么是网络?(重要性---硬件知识)................................213

18.2 网络通讯名词概念解释(重要性---概念清楚)....................................213

18.3 linux 系统中查看路由表信息命令：(两个) ........................................214

18.4 网络架构组成(网络拓扑)...........................................216

18.5 网络层次模型(OSI7 层模型).....................................216

18.6 OSI7 层模型详解..............................................................218

18.6.1 应用层.......................................................218

18.6.2 表示层.......................................................218

18.6.3 会话层.......................................................219

18.6.4 传输层.......................................................219

18.6.5 数据链路层.........................................................................220

18.6.6 网络层.......................................................221

18.6.7 物理层.......................................................221

18.7 OSI7 层模型概念实际应用..............................................222

18.7.1 OSI 互联数据包封装过程....................................................222

18.7.2 OSI 互联数据包解封装过程................................................223

18.8 OSI7 层模型做了精简---TCP/IP 模型(4 层模型)................................224

18.9 TCP/IP 模型(主机层主要协议说明 TCP UDP) ..................................224

18.10 TCP 协议(TCP 报文结构).........................................226

18.11 TCP 三次握手过程 .........................................................227

18.12 TCP 四次挥手 .................................................................228

18.13 三次握手状态集转换.....................................................229

18.14 四次挥手状态集转换.....................................................230

18.15 网络知识重要协议原理说明.........................................232

18.16 IP 地址概念说明.............................................................233

18.16.1 IP 转换.................................................................233

18.16.2 IP 地址的分类 ....................................................................234

18.16.3 IP 子网划分概念 ................................................................235

18.17 上网原理说明.................................................................236

18.17.1 企业环境访问互联网原理 ...............................................236

18.17.2 虚拟网络环境实现上网原理 ...........................................237

18.18 Linux 系统中路由配置方法...........................................238

18.19 ping 命令使用(禁止 ping icmp--iptables) ...........................................239

18.20 补充扩展.........................................................................239

第19章 附录:CentOS 6.x VS CentOS 7.x 区别.......................................................240

19.1 整体说明.......................................................................240

19.1.1 系统.................................................................................240

19.1.2 服务软件.........................................................................240

19.2 详细操作..................................................................................241

19.3 默认的文件系统..........................................................................241

19.3.1 CentOS 7.5 ........................................................................241

19.3.2 CentOS 6.10 ......................................................................241

19.4 运行级别.......................................................................242

19.4.1 详细：CentOS 6.x ...............................................................242

19.4.2 详细：CentOS 7.x ...............................................................242

19.4.3 查看与修改:........................................................................242

19.5 5.内核版本.........................................................................243

19.6 开机自启动服务...............................................................243

19.6.1 CentOS 6.x .............................................................243

19.6.2 CentOS 7.x .............................................................243

19.7 开启或关闭服务...............................................................243

19.7.1 CentOS 6.x .............................................................243

19.7.2 CentOS 7.x .............................................................243

19.8 网卡命名.......................................................................244

19.9 普通用户 uid ....................................................................244

19.10 修改主机名.....................................................................244

19.10.1 CentOS 6.x ...........................................................244

19.10.2 CentOS 7.x ...........................................................244

19.11 修改字符集.....................................................................244

19.11.1 CentOS 6.x ...........................................................244

19.12 软件包名字.....................................................................245

19.13 管理网卡主要服务： ...................................................245

19.14 防火墙：.........................................................................245

19.15 查看内存 free -h.............................................................245

19.16 /etc/fstab......................................................................245